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IPA downloaded. Open up and enjoy. It is important to note that the same physical parameterization package is used across all horizontal and vertical resolutions with slightly different tunable parameters. Upgrades to the physical parameterizations are ongoing and occur on the average of every other year. Mlawer et al. The LW algorithm contains unevenly distributed g-points in 16 broad spectral bands, while the SW algorithm includes g-points in 14 bands.

In addition to the major atmospheric absorbing gases of ozone, water vapor, and carbon dioxide, the algorithm also includes various minor absorbing species such as methane, nitrous oxide, oxygen, and up to four types of halocarbons CFCs. A maximum-random cloud overlapping method is used in both LW and SW radiation calculations.

Cloud condensate path and effective radius for water and ice are used for calculation of cloud-radiative properties. In the operational GFS, a climatological tropospheric aerosol with a 5-degree horizontal resolution is used in both LW and SW radiations.

A generalized spectral mapping formulation was developed to compute radiative properties of various aerosol components for each of the radiation spectral bands. A separate stratospheric volcanic aerosol parameterization was added that is capable of handling volcanic events.

In SW, a new table of incoming solar constants is derived covering time period of Vandendool, personal communication. An eleven-year solar cycle approximation will be used for time out of the window period in long term climate simulations. Similarly, vegetation type based non-black-body surface emissivity is used for the LW radiation.

Concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases are either obtained from global network measurements, such as carbon dioxide CO2 , or taking the climatological constants, such as methane, nitrous oxide, oxygen, and CFCs, etc.

In the operational GFS, the actual CO2 value for the forecast time is an estimation based on the most recent five-year observations. For the vertical momentum mixing, the mass-flux parameterization is modified to include the effect of the updraft-induced pressure gradient force. To enhance a too weak vertical turbulent mixing for the weakly and moderately stable conditions, on the other hand, the current local parameterization in the stable boundary layer is modified to use an eddy-diffusivity profile method.

The gravity wave drag and mountain blocking parameterizations are modified to automatically scale with model resolution. Compared to the TL64 version of GFS, the TL64 version uses four times stronger mountain blocking and one half the strength of gravity wave drag. The orographic gravity wave drag and mountain blocking parameterixation is scale aware in the GFS and implemented across NCEP global and regional models alike following the work of Alpert et al.

Mountain blocking is incorporated from the Lott and Miller parameterization with minor changes, including their dividing streamline concept. A parameterization of stationary convectively forced gravity wave drag proposed by Chun and Baik and tested in GCMs by Chun et al. Modest positive effects from using the parameterization are seen in the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. A new mass flux shallow convection parameterization is developed based on the bulk mass-flux parameterization of deep convection.

Separation of deep and shallow convection is determined by cloud depth currently hPa. Entrainment rate is given to be inversely proportional to height and much larger than that in the deep convection parameterization.

Mass flux at cloud base is given as a function of the surface buoyancy flux. The Simplified Arakawa-Schubert SAS deep convection parameterization is revised to make cumulus convection stronger and deeper to reduce excessive grid-scale precipitation.

Random cloud-top selection is replaced by an entrainment rate approach with an environmental moisture dependent entrainment rate. Convective overshooting and the effects of convection-induced pressure gradient force which reduces convective momentum transport are included. The cloud condensate is detrained from upper cloud layers above downdraft initiating level. The Noah LSM includes addition of frozen soil physics, new formulations for infiltration and runoff giving more runoff for unsaturated soils , revised physics of the snowpack and its influence on surface heat flux and albedo, tuning and addition of canopy resistance parameters, spatially varying root depth, revised treatment of ground heat flux and soil thermal conductivity, reformulation for dependence of direct surface evaporation on first layer soil moisture, and improved seasonality of green vegetation cover.

The prognostic states of snowpack depth and liquid soil moisture were added to the already present prognostic states of snowpack water-equivalent SWE , total soil moisture liquid plus frozen , soil temperature, canopy water, and skin temperature.

SWE divided by the snowpack depth gives the snowpack density. Total soil moisture minus liquid soil moisture gives the frozen soil moisture. The addition of Noah LSM greatly reduced the two prominent biases in land-surface processes: 1 an early depletion of snowpack; and 2 a high bias in both surface evaporation and precipitation in the warm season in non-arid mid-latitudes. However, a lower tropospheric warm bias as well as increased surface sensible heat flux emerged, particularly over the arid areas during the daytime.

Extensive tests attributed this bias mainly to improper treatment of the thermal roughness length. In May , a new thermal roughness length formulation, which assigned a smaller value for the thermal roughness length compared to the momentum roughness length, was implemented. This greatly reduced the warm surface air temperature bias and the cold skin temperature bias over the arid areas during the daytime.

Some evaporation-related parameters were refined to increase the evaporation to address this issue. The refinement was implemented in May The GDAS ingests all available global satellite, conventional rawinsonde, aircraft, surface and radar observations with a plus or minus hour window of the analysis time.

The GDAS runs with a late data cutoff to provide the next 6 hourly cycle background using the largest amount of available observations. In this formulation, the propagation of the background error covariances in time is approximated by an hourly ensemble of forecasts Figure 1. The 4DEnVar method is more scalable and computationally inexpensive with respect to 4DVar and is also more easily applied to other models.

The ensemble covariance comprises Additional changes to the analysis formulation include a reduction of the horizontal localization length scales in the troposphere as well as the inclusion of multivariate ozone covariances.

Figure 1. Due to the inclusion of hourly background covariances, it is now possible to extract time information from a portion of the observations. Another major recent addition to the GDAS is the implementation of a variational bias correction for the aircraft temperature data, reducing the warm bias in the upper troposphere.

These new variables include simulated GOES, membrane sea level pressure, fire weather variables, and new global aviation products. GFS started to distribute higher resolution 0. GFS began distributing hourly 0. Several new variables will also be added, including five layers of stratospheric state fields and global In Flight Icing severity.

In future upgrades we plan to include:. We may consider using the gridded tracer option where all tracers are in grid-point space only. Modified deep and shallow convection parameterizations with scale and aerosol awareness. Chikira-Sugiyama deep convection parameterization with prognostic closure and with Arakawa-Wu scale-aware extension. Morrison-Gettelman double moment microphysics with interactive aerosols. Implementation of a unified GW physics for both orographic and non-orographic waves.

Changes to the convective gravity wave drag parameterization to include a gravity-wave spectrum with both stationary waves and waves of varying phase speeds. Major changes to the analysis system may include an increase in analysis or ensemble resolution, the implementation of a 4D incremental analysis update IAU formulation, and a near-surface sea temperature NSST analysis.

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